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The Jewish Combat Organization ((ポーランド語:Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa), ŻOB; (イディッシュ語:ייִדישע קאַמף אָרגאַניזאַציע); often translated to English as the Jewish ''Fighting'' Organization) was a World War II resistance movement in occupied Poland, which was instrumental in engineering the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.〔(Jewish Fighting Organization ) at Britannica Online Encyclopedia〕 ŻOB took part in a number of other resistance activities as well. Notably, a second Jewish resistance organization called the Jewish Military League ((ポーランド語:Żydowski Związek Wojskowy), ŻZW), formed primarily of former officers of the Polish Army in late 1939 – and operating side by side with ŻOB – was at least equally instrumental in the Jewish armed struggle. ==Offshoot of Jewish youth groups== The seeds of the ŻOB were planted on 22 July 1942, when the German Nazis under SS General Jurgen Stroop began the Gross Aktion Warschau sealing the fate of the Jews confined in the Warsaw Ghetto: ''"All Jewish persons living in Warsaw, regardless of age and gender, () be resettled in the East."''〔(Secret city: the hidden Jews of Warsaw, 1940-1945 by Gunnar S. Paulsson, Yale University Press, 2002 (books.google.com) )〕 Thus began massive "deportations" of about 254,000 Jews, all of whom were sent to the Treblinka extermination camp. The Gross Aktion lasted until 12 September 1942. Overall it reduced the once thriving Warsaw Jewish community of some 400,000 to a mere 55,000 to 60,000 inhabitants. The youth groups that were instrumental in forming the ŻOB had anticipated German intentions to annihilate Warsaw Jewry and began to shift from an educational and cultural focus to self-defense and eventual armed struggle.〔 23 IV 1943, Warsaw: (Odezwa Żydowskiej Organizacji Bojowej z pozdrowieniami z walczącego getta i wezwaniem do walki o wspólną wolność Żydów i Polaków. ) Polska.pl Skarby Dziedzictwa Narodowego; Nask, 2008〕 Unlike the older generation, the youth groups took these reports seriously and had no illusions about the true intentions of the Germans. A document published three months before the start of the deportations by Hashomer Hatzair declared: "We know that Hitler's system of murder, slaughter and robbery leads steadily to a dead end and the destruction of the Jews."〔(Call to Armed Self-Defense, from Ha-Shomer Ha-Zair newspaper in the Warsaw Underground ''Jutrznia'' ("Dawn"), March 28, 1942. )〕 A number of the left Zionist youth groups, such as Hashomer Hatzair and Dror, proposed the creation of a self-defense organization at a meeting of Warsaw Jewish leaders in March 1942. The proposal was rejected by the Jewish Labour Bund who believed that a fighting organization would fail without the help of the Polish resistance. Others rejected the notion of armed insurgency saying that there was no evidence of a threat of deportation. Moreover, they argued any armed resistance would provoke the Germans to retaliate against the whole Jewish community.〔(The History of Hashomer Hatzair at Jewish Virtual Library )〕〔(Hashomer Hatzair World Movement )〕 In November 1942, ŻOB officially became part of and subordinated its activities to the High Command of the Armia Krajowa. In return the AK began providing ŻOB with weapons and training, with the first shipment of guns and ammunition being provided in December 1942.〔Stefan Korbonski, ''The Polish Underground State'', pp. 123-124 and 130. (Jews Under Occupation )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jewish Combat Organization」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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